CO3519 Artificial Intelligence

Lecture Documents¶

CO3519 Lecture 1.pdf

Written Notes¶

Course Overview¶

Module - Artificial Intelligence
Course ID - CO3519
Number of Assignments - 2

Programming Language & Setup
- Python & Google Collab
Recommended Book
- [[Artificial Intelligence - A Modern Approach (4^th Edition).pdf]]

Lecture Contents¶

• What is Artificial Intelligence
• History of Artificial Intelligence
• Applications of Artificial Intelligence
• Sub-fields in Artificial Intelligence

Introduction To Artificial Intelligence¶

Artificial intelligence is about making a machine able to:
- Think like a human
- Understand like human
- Behave like human

Acting Humanly - Turing Test Approach¶

Designed by Alan Turing in the 1950s as thought which sidestepped the vagueness of the question "Can a machine think?"

Turing Test Diagram¶

flowchart LR
%% --- Player groups ---
    subgraph A[Player A: Computer]
        CA[Computer]
    end

    subgraph B[Player B: Human Responder]
        HB[Human]
    end

    subgraph C[Player C: Interrogator]
        IC[Interrogator]
    end

%% --- Interactions ---
    IC -.->|Question| CA
    IC -.->|Question| HB
    CA ==> |Answer| IC
    HB ==> |Answer| IC

%% --- Legend (simulated) ---
    subgraph Legend[Key]
        L1[Light grey dashed line = Question to Responders]
        L2[Red solid line = Answer to Interrogator]
    end

%% --- Styles ---
    linkStyle 0 stroke:lightgrey,stroke-width:2px,stroke-dasharray:5 5
    linkStyle 1 stroke:lightgrey,stroke-width:2px,stroke-dasharray:5 5
    linkStyle 2 stroke:red,stroke-width:2px
    linkStyle 3 stroke:red,stroke-width:2px

The Six Principles of AI¶

For a machine to be able to think it was devised that the following features would be needed:
- Natural Language Processing - Communication in human language.
- Knowledge Representation - To store what it knows or hears.
- Automated Reasoning - Answer questions and draw new conclusions.
- Machine Learning - Adapt to new circumstances, detect patterns.
- Computer Vision - To be able to view objects.
- Robotics - To manipulate and move.

Algorithms¶

graph TD
%% --- Root ---
    AI[Artificial Intelligence: AI]

%% --- Machine Learning subgraph ---
    subgraph ML[Machine Learning: ML]
        S[Supervised Learning<br/>Examples: Linear Regression, Decision Tree, SVM]
        U[Unsupervised Learning<br/>Examples: K-Means, PCA, Hierarchical Clustering]
        R[Reinforcement Learning<br/>Examples: Q-Learning, SARSA, Deep Q-Network]
    end

%% --- Deep Learning subgraph ---
    subgraph DL[Deep Learning: DL]
        CNN[Convolutional Neural Network: CNN]
        ConvNet[Convolutional Network: ConvNet]
        ANN[Artificial Neural Network: ANN]
        RNN[Recurrent Neural Network: RNN]
        LSTM[Long Short-Term Memory: LSTM]
        GRU[Gated Recurrent Unit: GRU]
        AE[Autoencoder: AE]
    end

%% --- Computer Vision subgraph ---
    subgraph CV[Computer Vision: CV]
        IP[Image Processing]
        IR[Image Recognition]
        VA[Video Analysis]
        IC[Image Classification]
    end

%% --- Robotics subgraph ---
    subgraph ROB[Robotics]
        UAV[Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: UAV]
        DRN[Drones]
        AUT[Automation]
        COB[Collaborative Robots: Cobots]
    end

%% --- Connections ---
    AI --> ML
    AI --> DL
    AI --> CV
    AI --> ROB

History of Artificial Intelligence¶

flowchart TD
%% --- Early Foundations ---
    A1943["1943 — Warren McCulloch & Walter Pitts<br/>Model of artificial neurons"]
    A1950["1950 — Alan Turing<br/>Proposed the Turing Test for machine intelligence"]
    A1956["1956 — John McCarthy<br/>Coined the term 'Artificial Intelligence'"]
    A1961["1961 — General Motors<br/>Deployed Unimate, the first industrial robot"]
    A1964["1964 — Joseph Weizenbaum<br/>Created ELIZA, the first NLP program"]
    A1966["1966 — Shakey the Robot<br/>First general-purpose robot capable of reasoning"]
    A1997["1997 — IBM Deep Blue<br/>Supercomputer defeated Garry Kasparov"]
    A2002["2002 — Roomba<br/>First mass-produced autonomous home vacuum cleaner"]

%% --- Modern Milestones ---
    A2011["2011 — Apple Siri<br/>Virtual assistant integrated into iPhone 4S"]
    A2014["2014 — Eugene Goostman<br/>Chatbot claimed to pass the Turing test"]
    A2016["2016 — DeepMind AlphaGo<br/>Neural-network-based program defeated Lee Sedol"]
    A2022a["2022 — OpenAI ChatGPT<br/>Conversational AI launched for public use"]

%% --- 2020–2025 Advances ---
    A2020["2020 — GPT-3<br/>Large language model released by OpenAI"]
    A2021["2021 — DALL·E<br/>Text-to-image model by OpenAI"]
    A2022b["2022 — Midjourney & Stable Diffusion<br/>Generative AI art systems democratized creativity"]
    A2023["2023 — GPT-4<br/>Marked a leap in reasoning and multimodal capabilities"]
    A2024["2024 — Rise of AI Agents<br/>Autonomous multi-step, multimodal systems"]
    A2025["2025 — Domain-Specific AI<br/>Specialized applications in healthcare, law, education"]

%% --- Connections ---
    A1943 --> A1950 --> A1956 --> A1961 --> A1964 --> A1966 --> A1997 --> A2002 --> A2011 --> A2014 --> A2016 --> A2020 --> A2021 --> A2022a --> A2022b --> A2023 --> A2024 --> A2025

%% --- Clickable Wikipedia links ---
    click A1943 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" "Wikipedia: Warren McCulloch"
    click A1950 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" "Wikipedia: Alan Turing"
    click A1956 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" "Wikipedia: John McCarthy"
    click A1961 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimate" "Wikipedia: Unimate"
    click A1964 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" "Wikipedia: Joseph Weizenbaum"
    click A1966 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakey_the_robot" "Wikipedia: Shakey the Robot"
    click A1997 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_versus_Garry_Kasparov" "Wikipedia: Deep Blue"
    click A2002 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roomba" "Wikipedia: Roomba"
    click A2011 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri" "Wikipedia: Siri"
    click A2014 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Goostman" "Wikipedia: Eugene Goostman"
    click A2016 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaGo" "Wikipedia: AlphaGo"
    click A2020 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-3" "Wikipedia: GPT-3"
    click A2021 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DALL-E" "Wikipedia: DALL·E"
    click A2022a "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT" "Wikipedia: ChatGPT"
    click A2022b "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" "Wikipedia: Stable Diffusion"
    click A2023 "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPT-4" "Wikipedia: GPT-4"

Applications of Artificial Intelligence¶

• Healthcare
• Business
• Education
• Autonomous Vehicles
• Social Media
• Tourism
• For a better world

Example Healthcare Tumour Detection¶

Other Applications¶

Next Week¶

• Types of Artificial Intelligence
• Main Working Areas in AI
• Some Applied Fields.

CO3519 Lecture 2 - AI Types & Areas in AI